Iceland is peculiar in many ways, and its naming system is no exception. Three things make it particularly peculiar: there are no family names (although some families adopt ancestral names related to places), it is not possible to take the name of a spouse and when naming your child, it has to comply with a list of naming rules. These rules come with good reason, however.
Iceland’s patronymic or matronymic naming system has been around for a long time. What that means is that one’s name is taken from the immediate mother or father instead of referring to a family lineage as it is done in most Western countries. While Iceland is considered a Scandinavian country along with Norway, Sweden and Denmark, only in Iceland do they continue with this form of naming. It works like this: men are named after their father’s first name with the suffix son attached, and women are named after their father’s first name with the suffix dottir attached. Take Björk, for example, whose father’s name is Guðmundur, making her Björk Guðmundsdottir.
There are some exceptions, of course. For example, if a child grows up with very little contact with their father, they may choose to take their mother’s first name and add the –son or –dottir suffix at the end. There are also other exceptions in that a very egalitarian child takes two last names, the name of the mother with the appropriate suffix and the name of the father with the appropriate suffix – akin to the Western tradition of taking both parents last names into a hyphenated one. For example, the musician Örvar Þóreyjarson Smárason is the son of his mother Þórey and his father Smári. Also, some public figures may choose to go by a name of their choice, such as the former mayor, Jón Gnarr, who is the son of Gunnar. There are also some family names that Icelanders use that have been adopted from parents who were immigrants – the actress, Anita Briem, and the former prime minister, Geir Haarde, for example.
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As there are no last names, Icelanders often go by first names with a middle name for clarification. While this may seem strict to outsiders, it is for good reason, and that is to protect Iceland’s cultural heritage, they say, which is a huge part of the Icelandic language and identity. With such a unique language, a purism has infiltrated the maintenance of the structure of the language as it is based on heavy declinations.
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