GBD classifies risks in a hierarchy containing four levels.To increase accessibility and transparency of GBD 2019 estimates, we have prepared summaries for eachrisk factorat Level 2 through Level 4. A selection of these appear in the main textof the research article,andall are available online.
Level 1 risks areaggregates ofenvironmental and occupational risks,behavioralrisks,and metabolic risks.Theseaggregates arenotpresented in the summaries.
AtLevel 2, there are20riskcategories,includingair pollution,child and maternal malnutrition,andhigh bodymass index.
Level 3risks includemorespecific risks such asparticulatematter pollutionand child growth failure.In some cases, theseLevel 3 risks are the most detailed classification, while for others a more detailed category is specified atLevel 4. Examples of Level 4 risks include household air pollution from solid fuels,and child stunting. The metabolic risks aggregate does not include any Level 3 or 4 risks.
Each two-page summarybeginswitha summary results statement,a definition of therisk,anda brief listing of modeling updates in GBD 2019 compared to previous GBD rounds.
Table 1providesthe totalnumber ofsources for exposure and relative risk used in GBD 2019 estimation for the risk.
Table 2 presents global numbersofattributabledeaths, years of life lost (YLLs,estimated as death counts multiplied by remaining life expectancy from a standard life table), years lived with disability (YLDs, estimated as prevalent cases multiplied by a disabilityweight reflecting the severityof each disease outcome), and disability-adjusted lifeyears(DALYs, the sum of YLLs and YLDs)foreach risk for both sexescombined, males, and females in 2019. Age-standardized rates(age-specific ratesadjustedto the GBD global standard population)are also provided, along with percentage change for each metric from 2010 to 2019.Dashes represent metrics for which estimates were not produced.
Table 3provides rankings ofdeaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs for the risk factor in 1990, 2010, and 2019.
Figure 1 displays the risk factor’s attributable global DALYs broken down by Level 2 causes. For risks with more than 10 Level2 cause pairs, the 10 causes contributing thelargest number ofDALYs are shown.
Figure 2disaggregates attributable global DALYs into YLLs and YLDs by age group and by sex.
Figure 3illustrates the distribution ofa*ge-standardizedall-causesummary exposure values(SEV, a measure of exposure to a risk factornormalized on a scale of 0 to 100to make comparisons possible between dichotomous, polytomous,and continuous risks)bycountryorterritory,andselected subnational locations.
Figure 4 presents the percentage change from 1990 to 2019 for all-cause age-standardizedSEV bySocio-demographicIndex (SDI,a summary measure of income per capita, fertility, and education ranging from the lowest sociodemographicstatusat zero to and the highest at100).
For risks that do not produce a SEV as part of their modeling process, the population attributable fraction (PAF,i.e.,the proportion of a disease that is estimated to be attributedtothe risk factor given its exposure in a population and the relative risk of the outcome between those exposed and those exposed at the theoretical minimum risk level) is shown instead.
Where applicable, Figure 5 shows theproportion of the susceptible population that was exposedto each level ofthe risk factor in 2019. The susceptible population includes everyone in the age groups modeled for that risk.
Where applicable,Figure 6 displays the all-causemortalityrelative risk for the risk factorwithin the population susceptible to that risk.
