Why would a company choose to use a contractual mode of entry rather than an investment mode?
Contractual forms of entry (i.e., licensing and franchising) have lower up-front costs than investment modes do. It's also easier for the company to extricate itself from the situation if the results aren't favorable.
Contract Manufacturing: – This entry mode is a cross between licensing and investment entry. The company contracts a firm in the foreign market to assemble or manufacture the products but they still have the responsibility for marketing and distribution of the products according to Root (1994:113);
Exporting is the direct sale of goods and / or services in another country. It is possibly the best-known method of entering a foreign market, as well as the lowest risk.
- i) Market Size: ...
- ii) Market Growth: ...
- iii) Government Regulations: ...
- iv) Level of Competition: ...
- v) Physical Infrastructure: ...
- vi) Level of Risk: ...
- vii) Production and Shipping Costs: ...
- viii) Lower Cost of Production:
The modes are: 1. International strategic alliance 2. International contract manufacturing 3. International management contracts 4.
- Exporting. Exporting involves marketing the products you produce in the countries in which you intend to sell them. ...
- Piggybacking. ...
- Countertrade. ...
- Licensing. ...
- Joint ventures. ...
- Company ownership. ...
- Franchising. ...
- Outsourcing.
The five most common modes of international-market entry are exporting, licensing, partnering, acquisition, and greenfield venturing. Each of these entry vehicles has its own particular set of advantages and disadvantages.
The choice of entry mode is an important strategic decision for SMEs as it involves committing resources in different target markets with different levels of risk, control, and profit return.
The most common advantages of franchising are that it capitalises on an already successful strategy, the franchisee generally has local knowledge, it's less risky than equity based foreign entry modes, and the franchisor isn't exposed to risks associated with the foreign market (Alon, 2014).
Exporting is the most appropriate mode of entry in international business to an enterprise with little experience in international markets.
What is generally the most costly method for a business to enter a foreign market?
Establishing a wholly owned subsidiary is generally the most costly method. Establishing a wholly owned subsidiary is generally the most costly method of serving a foreign market from a capital investment standpoint. Firms doing this must bear the full capital costs and risks of setting up overseas operations.
The simplest form of entry strategy is exporting using either a direct or indirect method such as an agent, in the case of the former, or countertrade, in the case of the latter. More complex forms include truly global operations which may involve joint ventures, or export processing zones.

- Set clear goals. The first step is to decide on what you want to achieve with your exporting project and some basics about how you'll do so. ...
- Research your market. ...
- Choose your mode of entry. ...
- Consider financing and insurance needs. ...
- Develop the strategy document.
- Asset specificity. ...
- Brand equity. ...
- Financial capability. ...
- International experience. ...
- Country risk. ...
- Cultural distance. ...
- Government restrictions. ...
- Market potential.
- Monopolies. A monopoly situation represents a very serious entry barrier. ...
- Legal protection. Poor legal protection available to foreign companies also acts as a barrier. ...
- Bribery and corruption.
Advantages of Greenfield investment:
A wholly owned subsidiary maybe required if a firm is trying to realize location and experience curve economies.
While outsourcing involves contracting out certain business activities to other companies who are often located in foreign countries, offshoring involves moving part or all of your business to a foreign country and conducting business there.
- exporting.
- licensing or franchising to a company in the host nation.
- establishing a joint venture with a local company.
- establishing a new wholly owned subsidiary.
- acquiring an established enterprise.
The five most common modes of international-market entry are exporting, licensing, partnering, acquisition, and greenfield venturing. Each of these entry vehicles has its own particular set of advantages and disadvantages.
Contract Manufacturing is a contractual mode of market entry that can give your brand and company local manufacturing cost advantages whilst you still retain marketing, sales and distribution rights and responsibilities for your brand.
What is joint venture entry mode?
Joint Venture
Creating a third company with another partner is often the preferred market entry method, especially in emerging markets. A joint venture means that the company can take advantage of the partner's infrastructure, local knowledge and reputation.
Management contracts are legal agreements that enable one company to have control of another business's operations. Business owners often sign these written agreements directly with the management company.