Introduction
Nowadays, the Python Modules Operations programming language becomes one of the most popular languages.When we write the codes for Production level Data Science Projects, what happens is that our Python code grows in size, and as a result most probably it becomes unorganized over time. So, keeping your code in the same file as it grows makes your code difficult to maintain and debug.
So, to resolve these kinds of issues, Python modules help us to organize and group the content by using files and folders.This modular programming approach where we have broken the code into separate parts is where python modules come into the picture. So, In this article, I will help you to understand the complete intuition behind modules in Python Modules Operations in a detailed manner.
Note: If you are more interested in learning concepts in an Audio-Visual format, So to learn the basic concepts of Python Modules Operations and some other related stuff you may see this video.
This article was published as a part of theData Science Blogathon
Table of contents
- Introduction
- What are Python Modules?
- How to create Python Modules?
- How to use Python Modules?
- Variables in Python Modules
- How to rename a Python Module?
- How does Import from Modules work?
- Advantages of Modules
- Python Built-in Modules
- Working with Math Module of Python
- Trigonometric Ratios
- Working with Statistics Module of Python
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
What are Python Modules?
In Python, Modules are simply files with the “.py” extension containing Python code that can be imported inside another Python Modules Operations Program.
In simple terms, we can consider a module to be the same as a code library or a file that contains a set of functions that you want to include in your application.
With the help of modules, we can organize related functions, classes, or any code block in the same file. So, It is considered a best practice while writing bigger codes for production-level projects in Data Science is to split the large Python Modules Operations code blocks intomodulescontaining up to 300–400 lines of code.
The module contains the following components:
- Definitions and implementation of classes,
- Variables,and
- Functions that can be used inside another program.
Let’s try to gain more understanding of the concept with the help of an example:
Suppose we want to make an application for a calculator. We want to include few operations in our application such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.
Now, here what we will be doing is to break the complete code into separate parts and simply create one module for all these operations or separate modules for each of the operations. And then we can call these modules in our main program logic.
Here the core idea is to minimize the code, and if we create modules, it doesn’t mean we can only use it for this program, but we can even call these modules for other programs as well.
![Modules in Python: Fundamentals for Data Scientists (1) Modules in Python: Fundamentals for Data Scientists (1)](https://i0.wp.com/miro.medium.com/max/1056/1*J2zzWGSStktgZVqMbAxTqA.png)
Image Source: Link
Now that we have understood the concept of modules, let us try to understand how we can create and use a module in python and also see some other functionalities related to Modules.
How to create Python Modules?
To create a module, we have to save the code that we wish in a file with the file extension “.py”. Then, the name of the Python Modules Operations file becomes the name of the module.
For Example,
In this program, a function is created with the name “welcome” and save this file with the name mymodule.py i.e. name of the file, and with the extension “.py”.
We saved the following code in a file named mymodule.py
def welcome(name): print("Hello, " + name +" to Analytics Vidhya")
How to use Python Modules?
To incorporate the module into our program, we will use the import keyword, andto get only a few or specific methods or functions from a module, we use thefromkeyword.
NOTE: When we are using a function from a module, then we use the following syntax:
module_name.function_name
Now to use the module which we have just created, we are using the import statement:
For Example,
In this example, we will Import the module named mymodule, and then call the welcome function with a given argument:
import mymodulemymodule.welcome("Chirag Goyal")
Output:
Hello, Chirag Goyal to Analytics Vidhya
Variables in Python Modules
The module can contain functions, as already described, but can also contain variables of all types such as arrays, dictionaries, objects, etc.
For Example,
Save this code in the file mymodule.py
person1 = { "name": "Chirag Goyal", "age": 19, "country": "India" "education”: “IIT Jodhpur" }
For Example,
In this example, we will Import the module named mymodule, and then try to access the person1 dictionary components:
import mymodulea = mymodule.person1["age"]b = mymodule.person1["education"]c = mymodule.person1["country"]print(a)
Output:
19
How to rename a Python Module?
We can name the file of the module whatever you like, but we have to note that it must have the file extension“.py”.
To rename the module name, we can create an alias when you import a module, with the help of theas keyword:
For Example,
Create an alias for mymodule with the namenew_module:
import mymodule as new_modulea =new_module.person1["age"]b =new_module.person1["education"]c =new_module.person1["country"]print(a)
Output:
19
How does Import from Modules work?
If we want to choose to import only some parts from a module, then we can do this with the help of thefrom keyword.
For Example,
Now, we have a module namedmymodulethat has one function and one dictionary:
def welcome(name): print("Hello, " + name +" to Analytics Vidhya")person1 = { "name": "Chirag Goyal", "age": 19, "country": "India" "education”: “IIT Jodhpur" }
Now, Let’s try to Import only the person1 dictionary from the module namedmymodule:
from mymodule import person1print (person1["age"])
Output:
19
NOTE:Here we have to note that when we try to import using thefrom keyword,then do not use the module name when referring to elements in the module.
For Example,
Useperson1[“age”],notmymodule.person1[“age”]
Advantages of Modules
Some of the advantages while working with modules in Python is as follows:
Reusability
Working with modules makes the code reusable.
Simplicity
The module focuses on a small proportion of the problem, rather than focusing on the entire problem.
Scoping
A separate namespace is defined by a module that helps to avoid collisions between identifiers.
Python Built-in Modules
As we know that the Python interactive shell has a number of built-in functions. As a shell start, these functions are loaded automatically and are always available, such as,
- print() and input()for I/O,
- Number conversion functions such asint(), float(), complex(),
- Data type conversions such aslist(), tuple(), set(), etc.
In addition to these many built-in functions, there are also a large number of pre-defined functions available as a part of libraries bundled with Python distributions. These functions are defined in modules which are known asbuilt-in modules.
These built-in modules are written in C language and integrated with the Python shell.
To display a list of all of the available modules in Python Programming Language, we can use the following command in the Python console:
help('modules')
The output to the above code is shown below:
![Modules in Python: Fundamentals for Data Scientists (2) Modules in Python: Fundamentals for Data Scientists (2)](https://i0.wp.com/www.csestack.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/list-of-Python-modules-using-help-function-example.jpg)
Now, let’s discuss some of the useful and frequently used built-in modules of Python.
- Math Module
- Statistics Module
Working with Math Module of Python
Some of the most popular mathematical functions that are defined in the math module include,
- Trigonometric functions,
- Representation functions,
- Logarithmic functions,
- Angle conversion functions, etc.
In addition, two mathematical constants-piandeare also defined in this module.
In Mathematics, Pi is a well-known mathematical constant. Its value is3.141592653589793.
>>> import math>>> math.pi3.141592653589793
Another well-known mathematical constant ise,which is known asEuler’s number. Its value equals2.718281828459045.
>>> import math>>> math.e2.718281828459045
Trigonometric Ratios
For calculating various trigonometric ratios for a given angle, the math module contains several functions. The trigonometric functions such assin, cos, tan,etc. take the angle argument in radians. While we are used to expressing the angle in degrees. In the math module, we have two angle conversion functions that help us to convert the angle from degrees to radians and vice versa:
- degrees()
- radians()
For Example,
In this example, we will be converting the angle of 30 degrees to radians and then back again to the degree.
NOTE:π radians is equivalent to 180 degrees.
>>> import math>>> math.radians(30)0.5235987755982988>>> math.degrees(math.pi/6)29.999999999999996
For Example,
In this example, we will find the value ofsin, cos, and tan ratios for the angle of 30 degrees which in radians is equal to 0.5235987755982988 radians.
>>> import math>>> math.sin(0.5235987755982988)0.49999999999999994>>> math.cos(0.5235987755982988)0.8660254037844387>>> math.tan(0.5235987755982988)0.5773502691896257
You may also try some more functions of the math module such as math.log(), math.log10(), math.pow(). math.sqrt(), math.exp(), math.ceil(), math.floor(), etc.
To learn more about themath module,refer to thelink.
Working with Statistics Module of Python
The statistics module provides functions to mathematical statistics of numeric data. Some of the popular statistical functions are defined in this module are as follows:
- Mean
- Median
- Mode
- Standard Deviation
Mean
The mean()method returns the arithmetic mean of the numbers present in a list.
For Example,
>>> import statistics>>> statistics.mean([2,5,6,9])5.5
Median
The median() method returns the middle value of numeric data present in a list.
For Example,
>>> import statistics>>> statistics.median([1,2,3,7,8,9])5.0>>> statistics.median([1,2,3,8,9])3.0
Mode
The mode() method returns the most common data point present in the list.
For Example,
>>> import statistics>>> statistics.mode([2,5,3,2,8,3,9,4,2,5,6])2
Standard Deviation
The stdev() method returns the standard deviation on a given sample in the form of a list.
For Example,
>>> import statistics>>> statistics.stdev([1,1.5,2,2.5,3,3.5,4,4.5,5])1.3693063937629153
To learn more about the statistics module, refer to thelink.
NOTE:There are also other modules in Python but here we discuss only two modules to understand how the concept of modules in Python works and you can similarly use the other Python built-in modules also.
To learn more about the Modules in Python, you can refer to thelink.
Conclusion
Python modules in organizing code for data science projects. It addresses the challenges of maintaining large codebases and emphasizes the benefits of modular programming. By explaining the components and functionality of modules, it sets the stage for topics covered in the article, including module creation, usage, and exploration of built-in modules like math and statistics. Overall, the introduction provides a clear overview and serves as a comprehensive guide for readers seeking to enhance their Python programming skills.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1. What are types of Python modules?
A. Python modules can be broadly classified into three types: built-in modules, standard library modules, and third-party modules. Built-in modules are included with Python and provide fundamental functionalities. Standard library modules extend the capabilities of Python with a wide range of functionalities. Third-party modules are created by the Python community and offer additional features and functionalities beyond the standard library.
Q2. What are modules in Python?
A. In Python, modules are files that contain Python code, typically defined in a separate file with a .py extension. Modules are used to organize and reuse code, allowing you to split your program’s functionality into independent, reusable units. They provide a way to encapsulate related code, variables, and functions, making it easier to manage and maintain large projects. Modules can be imported into other Python scripts to access their defined objects and functionalities.
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CHIRAG GOYAL28 Feb 2024
I am currently pursuing my Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) in Computer Science and Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur(IITJ). I am very enthusiastic about Machine learning, Deep Learning, and Artificial Intelligence. Feel free to connect with me on Linkedin.
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