%PDF-1.6%âãÏÓ59 0 obj<>endobj84 0 obj<>stream 2009-05-12T12:04:30Z QuarkXPress(tm) 6.5 2009-05-12T12:26:49-05:00 2009-05-12T12:26:49-05:00 application/pdf A study looking at how much energy it takes to make ethanol David Morris and David Lorenz - ILSR <alt> <li xml:lang="x-default">How Much Energy Does It Take To Make A Gallon Of Ethanol?</li> </alt> biofuels QuarkXPress(tm) 6.5 %%DocumentProcessColors: Cyan Magenta Yellow Black%%EndComments uuid:4baf2df1-a9d5-8645-a5c2-4150d995a4ba uuid:af5cf31e-ff5b-c040-89f6-705933c79397 endstreamendobj80 0 obj<>/Encoding<>>>>>endobj55 0 obj<>endobj26 0 obj<>]>>endobj48 0 obj<>endobj56 0 obj<>endobj57 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>>endobj58 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>>endobj25 0 obj<>stream/GS0 gs1 g0 792 0 0 refq/GS1 gs0 0 0 0 k36 539.273 540 198.727 refQ/GS1 gsqBT/F0 1 Tf10 0 0 10 37 729.6709 Tm0 0 0 1 k-0.015 Tc0.118 Tw(it is a safe assumption that as the ethanol market expands,)Tj0 -1.55 TD0.216 Tw[(new facilities will tend to incorporate state-of-the-art pr)16(o-)]TJT*-0.019 Tw(cessing technologies and techniques so that each new plant is)Tj-0.0152 Tc(m)'0.86784 0.00001 TD-0.015 Tc0.119 Tw[(or)18(e ener)17(gy ef)17(ficient than the one befor)17(e. It is less certain)]TJ-0.86785 -1.55 TD-0.003 Tw[(that farmers will continue to become mor)17(e ener)18(gy ef)17(ficient in)]TJT*0.267 Tw(their operations because of the many variables involved.)TjT*0.048 Tw[(Nevertheless, it does appear that gr)17(owing numbers of farm)-1(-)]TJT*0.164 Tw[(ers ar)18(e r)17(educing their farm inputs and that this tr)16(end will)]TJ0 -1.55001 TD0.025 Tw(continue. )Tj1.8 -1.55 TD0.21 Tw[(A)-389(final wor)17(d about cellulose. If annual ethanol sales)]TJ-1.8 -1.55 TD0.052 Tw[(expand beyond 2 billion gallons, cellulosic cr)17(ops, not star)18(ch,)]TJT*-0.024 Tw[(will pr)17(obably become the feedstock of choice. The data in the)]TJT*-0.02 Tw[(last column suggest a very lar)17(ge ener)17(gy gain fr)17(om converting)]TJ27.8 18.6 TD0.007 Tw[(cellulosic cr)18(ops into ethanol. Cellulosic cr)18(ops, like fast gr)17(ow-)]TJ0 -1.55 TD-0.006 Tw[(ing tr)17(ee plantations, use r)17(elatively little fertilizer and use less)]TJT*0.056 Tw[(ener)17(gy in harvesting than annual r)17(ow cr)17(ops. The cr)18(op itself)]TJ-0.0152 Tc(i)'0.27583 0.00001 TD(s)Tj0.73561 0 Td-0.015 Tc0.092 Tw[(burned to pr)17(ovide ener)18(gy for the manufactur)17(e of ethanol)]TJ-1.01144 -1.55 TD-0.034 Tw[(and other co-pr)18(oducts. )37(A)-147(major co-pr)18(oduct of cellulosic cr)19(ops)]TJT*0.202 Tw[(is lignin, which curr)17(ently is used only for fuel but which)]TJT*-0.034 Tw[(potentially has a high chemical value. W)91(e)1(r)18(e it to be pr)17(ocessed)]TJT*0.201 Tw[(for chemical markets, the net ener)17(gy gain would be even)]TJ0 -1.55001 TD0.025 Tw[(g)1(r)18(eater)74(. )]TJ1.8 -1.55 TD0.056 Tw(Our conclusion is that under the vast majority of condi-)Tj-1.8 -1.55 TD0.09 Tw[(tions, the amount of ener)17(gy contained in ethanol is signifi)-1(-)]TJT*0.288 Tw[(cantly gr)17(eater than the amount of ener)17(gy used to make)]TJT*0.025 Tw(ethanol, even if the raw material used is corn.)TjET0.125 w 0 0 0 1 K306 738 m306 538.636 lS36 48 m576 48 lSBT/F0 1 Tf10 0 0 10 417.9398 34.0102 Tm0 Tc(Institute for Local Self-Reliance \245 )Tj15.30602 0.00001 TD(8)TjET0 0 0 0 k36 53 539 458.1359 refQ/GS2 gs/GS1 gsqBT/F1 1 Tf12 0 0 12 37 501.3415 Tm0 0 0 1 k(NOTES)TjETQ/GS2 gs/GS1 gsqBT/F0 1 Tf9 0 0 9 64 487.3415 Tm0 0 0 1 k-0.0151 Tc(1)Tj0.72307 0 Td-0.015 Tc0.003 Tw[(The dif)18(fer)17(ence between high and low heat values r)17(epr)17(esents the heat contribution of the condensation of water during combustion.)]TJ0.27693 -1.55556 TD0.001 Tw[(When ethanol is burned, for example, it pr)16(oduces heat and water vapor)74(. )37(As the water vapor condenses it gives of)18(f additional heat.)]TJ0 -1.55555 TD0.059 Tw[(Ethanol has a low heat value(LHV) of 76,000 BTUs/gallon, an estimate which mor)17(e accurately r)18(epr)17(esents the heat content of the)]TJ0 -1.55556 TD0.064 Tw[(fuel in conventional combustion engines. Ethanol has a high heat value of 84,000 BTUs/gallon. In the United States the ener)16(g)1(y)]TJT*0.022 Tw[(content of fuels conventionally is expr)17(essed on a high heat value(HHV) basis. Inter)17(estingly)110(, in Eur)17(ope LHVs ar)18(e used. The use of)]TJ0 -1.55555 TD0.006 Tw(either basis does not af)Tj9.73383 0 TD(fect the conclusions of our analysis such as long as the same heat values ar)Tj31.74569 0 TD-0.0151 Tc(e)Tj0.70464 0 Td-0.015 Tc(used for all inputs and outputs. )Tj-43.18416 -1.55556 TD-0.0152 Tc(2)Tj0.74447 0 Td-0.015 Tc0.025 Tw[(The estimate of the net ener)17(gy gain fr)17(om cellulosic cr)18(op-based ethanol is consider)18(ed conservative. W)92(e believe that as this industry)]TJ0.25553 -1.55556 TD0.114 Tw[(develops, the same learning curve that occurr)17(ed in the star)18(ch based ethanol industry will occur in the cellulosic based ethanol)]TJT*0 Tw(industry)Tj3.55579 0 TD-0.0151 Tc(,)Tj0.49473 0 Td-0.015 Tc0.025 Tw(fostering a much mor)Tj9.2726 0 TD-0.0152 Tc(e)Tj0.72361 0 Td-0.015 Tc(positive net ener)Tj7.11963 0 TD(gy gain for ethanol pr)Tj9.36646 0 TD(oduction fr)Tj4.76748 0 TD(om cellulose.)Tj-36.3003 -1.55557 TD(3)TjETQ/GS2 gs/GS1 gsqBT/F5 1 Tf9 0 0 9 71.0124 361.3415 Tm0 0 0 1 k-0.015 Tc(Agricultur)Tj4.23917 0 TD-0.0151 Tc(e)Tj0.66797 0 Td-0.015 Tc0.059 Tw(Chemical Usage: Field Cr)Tj10.39007 0 TD(ops Summary)TjETQ/GS2 gs/GS1 gsqBT/F0 1 Tf9 0 0 9 257.9819 361.3415 Tm0 0 0 1 k-0.0151 Tc(.)Tj0.82298 0 Td-0.015 Tc0.059 Tw(U.S. Department of )Tj8.63086 0 TD0 Tw(Agricultur)Tj4.51235 0 TD0.059 Tw(e. Economic Resear)Tj8.34906 0 TD[(ch Service. W)92(ashington, D.C.)]TJ-42.8688 -1.55557 TD0 Tw(1992-1994.)Tj-1 -1.55555 TD-0.0151 Tc(4)Tj0.86285 0 Td-0.015 Tc0.143 Tw[(Bosch, D. J., K. O. Fuglie, and R. W)91(. Keim, )]TJETQ/GS2 gs/GS1 gsqBT/F5 1 Tf9 0 0 9 246.5188 333.3415 Tm0 0 0 1 k-0.015 Tc0.143 Tw[(Economic and Envir)18(onmental Effects of Nitr)18(ogen T)110(esting for Fertilizer Management)]TJETQ/GS2 gs/GS1 gsqBT/F0 1 Tf9 0 0 9 552.6633 333.3415 Tm0 0 0 1 k-0.015 Tc(,)Tj0.613 0 Td(U.S.)Tj-53.90892 -1.55556 TD0.025 Tw(Department of )Tj6.52531 0 TD[(Agricultur)17(e, Economic Resear)19(ch Service, 1994.)]TJ-7.52531 -1.55556 TD(5)TjETQ/GS2 gs/GS1 gsqBT/F5 1 Tf9 0 0 9 71.7018 305.3415 Tm0 0 0 1 k-0.015 Tc0.136 Tw(Alternative Agricultur)Tj9.05455 0 TD0 Tc(e)TjETQ/GS2 gs/GS1 gsqBT/F0 1 Tf9 0 0 9 156.5579 305.3415 Tm0 0 0 1 k-0.0151 Tc(.)Tj0.97614 0 Td-0.015 Tc0.136 Tw(Committee on the Role of )Tj11.81414 0 TD(Alternative Farming Methods in Modern Pr)Tj19.42498 0.00001 TD0 Tw(oduction )Tj4.16164 0 TD0.136 Tw[(Agricultur)17(e. Boar)18(d on)]TJ-45.66111 -1.55557 TD0 Tw(Agricultur)Tj4.51236 0.00001 TD0.025 Tw[(e. National Resear)17(ch Council. National )37(Academy Pr)18(ess. W)92(ashington, D.C. 1989. )]TJ-5.51236 -1.55556 TD-0.0151 Tc(6)Tj0.74475 0 Td-0.015 Tc[(Resear)18(ch conducted by the Department of )36(Agricultural Economics. University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri. )]TJ-0.74475 -1.55556 TD(7)Tj0.70682 0 Td-0.013 Tw[(T)92(esting indicates that one acr)17(e of corn absorbs appr)17(oximately 90 lbs of nitr)17(ogen fertilizer in one gr)17(owing season. )37(All of the estimates)]TJ0.29318 -1.55556 TD0.04 Tw[(for fertilizer usage in this r)17(eport assume synthetic fertilizer inputs. The dif)17(fer)17(ence between corn\325s nitr)17(ogen r)18(equir)17(ements and the)]TJ0 -1.55555 TD[(fertilizer r)17(equir)17(ements indicated r)18(epr)17(esent the r)18(eductions possible via the alternative gr)16(owing strategies mentioned specifically in)]TJT*-0.031 Tw(the text. These include r)Tj10.2406 0.00001 TD(otations with leguminous cr)Tj11.90154 0 TD[(ops, and the use of naturally occurring forms of nitr)17(ogen, such as animal waste.)]TJ-23.14214 -1.55557 TD-0.0152 Tc(8)Tj0.75113 0 Td-0.015 Tc0 Tw(Pr)Tj0.95108 0.00001 TD0.031 Tw[(evious studies have included other components in the on-farm analysis. One included the amount of solar ener)17(gy used in pho-)]TJ-0.70221 -1.55557 TD0.014 Tw[(tosynthesis. )37(Another included the embodied ener)17(gy of farm machinery)110(, that is, the ener)17(gy used to make the machinery)110(. W)92(e have)]TJ0 -1.55555 TD0.075 Tw[(decided not to include ener)18(gy inputs which ar)17(e acquir)17(ed at no cost, like sunlight. )36(Also we have not included embodied ener)18(g)1(y)]TJT*0.025 Tw(because the estimates ar)Tj10.34002 0.00001 TD-0.0152 Tc(e)Tj0.72369 0 Td-0.015 Tc(subject to a very high degr)Tj11.43105 0.00001 TD(ee of uncertainty)Tj7.10262 0 TD0 Tc(.)Tj-30.59738 -1.55558 TD-0.0151 Tc(9)Tj0.74472 0 Td-0.015 Tc[(Personal conversation with Richar)17(d Thompson, November)75(, 1992.)]TJ-0.74472 -1.55555 TD0 Tw(10 )Tj1.17187 0 TD0.004 Tw(About 95 per)Tj5.58943 0 TD(cent of the motor fuel grade ethanol in the United States is pr)Tj26.03756 0.00001 TD(oduced fr)Tj4.12142 0.00001 TD(om 10 million gallon per year facilities or lar)Tj18.87274 0.00001 TD0 Tw(g-)Tj-54.79302 -1.55559 TD-0.016 Tc(er)Tj0.76957 0 TD-0.015 Tc(.)Tj0.82362 0.00001 TD0.078 Tw(Although ther)Tj6.15887 0.00001 TD-0.0152 Tc(e)Tj0.77638 0 Td-0.015 Tc0 Tw(ar)Tj0.84709 0.00001 TD-0.0151 Tc(e)Tj0.77645 0 Td(a)Tj0.79745 0 Td-0.015 Tc0.078 Tw[(number of facilities of smaller scale, the vast majority of those will quickly expand pr)17(oduction, if com-)]TJ-10.9494 -1.5556 TD0.025 Tw[(mer)18(cially successful. )]TJ-1 -1.7222 TD-0.033 Tw[(1)55(1 DeSplegelaer)17(e, T)74(.J. \322Ener)18(gy Consumption in Fuel Ethanol Pr)17(oduction for a Corn W)91(et-Milling Pr)17(ocess\323, paper pr)18(esented at IBIS 1992)]TJ1 -1.7222 TD0.025 Tw(Fuel Ethanol W)Tj6.61346 0.00001 TD(orkshop. W)Tj5.229 0.00001 TD(ichita, Kansas. June 9-1)Tj10.08733 0.00001 TD(1, 1992.)TjET0.125 w 0 0 0 1 K35.182 528.636 m575.182 528.636 lSQendstreamendobj1 0 obj<>endobj2 0 obj<>endobj3 0 obj<>endobj30 0 obj<>endobj34 0 obj<>endobj47 0 obj<>endobj46 0 obj<>endobj44 0 obj<>endobj45 0 obj<>stream AUFZFZ+Palatino-Italic Fø øøøøýÞþWé ? ? E À p3.8Copyright © 1991-99, 2006 Apple Computer, Inc. Copyright © 1991-92 Type Solutions, Inc. All rights reserved.Palatino kursivPalatinoKursiv " H S J D V M U F $ I N B 6 T ' E P Q 4 Z &
