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How does a jet engine work?
| NEW! We take for granted how easily a plane weighing over half a million pounds lifts off the ground with such ease. How does it happen? The answer is simple. It's engines. Let Theresa Benyo of NASA Glenn Research Center explain more... As featured on NASA's Destination Tomorrow. |
Jet engines move the airplane forward with a great force that is produced by a tremendous thrust and causes the plane to fly very fast.
All jet engines, which are also called gas turbines, work on the same principle. The engine sucks air in at the front with a fan. A compressor raises the pressure of the air. The compressor is made with many blades attached to a shaft. The blades spin at high speed and compress or squeeze the air. The compressed air is then sprayed with fuel and an electric spark lights the mixture. The burning gases expand and blast out through the nozzle, at the back of the engine. As the jets of gas shoot backward, the engine and the aircraft are thrust forward. As the hot air is going to the nozzle, it passes through another group of blades called the turbine. The turbine is attached to the same shaft as the compressor. Spinning the turbine causes the compressor to spin.
The image below shows how the air flows through the engine. The air goes through the core of the engine as well as around the core. This causes some of the air to be very hot and some to be cooler. The cooler air then mixes with the hot air at the engine exit area.
This is a picture of how the air flows through an engine
What is Thrust?
Thrust is the forward force that pushes the engine and, therefore, the airplane forward. Sir Isaac Newton discovered that for "every action there is an equal and opposite reaction." An engine uses this principle. The engine takes in a large volume of air. The air is heated and compressed and slowed down. The air is forced through many spinning blades. By mixing this air with jet fuel, the temperature of the air can be as high as three thousand degrees. The power of the air is used to turn the turbine. Finally, when the air leaves, it pushes backward out of the engine. This causes the plane to move forward.
Parts of a Jet Engine
Fan - The fan is the first component in a turbofan. The large spinning fan sucks in large quantities of air. Most blades of the fan are made of titanium. It then speeds this air up and splits it into two parts. One part continues through the "core" or center of the engine, where it is acted upon by the other engine components.
The second part "bypasses" the core of the engine. It goes through a duct that surrounds the core to the back of the engine where it produces much of the force that propels the airplane forward. This cooler air helps to quiet the engine as well as adding thrust to the engine.
Compressor - The compressor is the first component in the engine core. The compressor is made up of fans with many blades and attached to a shaft. The compressor squeezes the air that enters it into progressively smaller areas, resulting in an increase in the air pressure. This results in an increase in the energy potential of the air. The squashed air is forced into the combustion chamber.
Combustor - In the combustor the air is mixed with fuel and then ignited. There are as many as 20 nozzles to spray fuel into the airstream. The mixture of air and fuel catches fire. This provides a high temperature, high-energy airflow. The fuel burns with the oxygen in the compressed air, producing hot expanding gases. The inside of the combustor is often made of ceramic materials to provide a heat-resistant chamber. The heat can reach 2700°.
Turbine - The high-energy airflow coming out of the combustor goes into the turbine, causing the turbine blades to rotate. The turbines are linked by a shaft to turn the blades in the compressor and to spin the intake fan at the front. This rotation takes some energy from the high-energy flow that is used to drive the fan and the compressor. The gases produced in the combustion chamber move through the turbine and spin its blades. The turbines of the jet spin around thousands of times. They are fixed on shafts which have several sets of ball-bearing in between them.
Nozzle - The nozzle is the exhaust duct of the engine. This is the engine part which actually produces the thrust for the plane. The energy depleted airflow that passed the turbine, in addition to the colder air that bypassed the engine core, produces a force when exiting the nozzle that acts to propel the engine, and therefore the airplane, forward. The combination of the hot air and cold air are expelled and produce an exhaust, which causes a forward thrust. The nozzle may be preceded by a mixer, which combines the high temperature air coming from the engine core with the lower temperature air that was bypassed in the fan. The mixer helps to make the engine quieter.
The First Jet Engine - A Short History of Early Engines
Sir Isaac Newton in the 18th century was the first to theorize that a rearward-channeled explosion could propel a machine forward at a great rate of speed. This theory was based on his third law of motion. As the hot air blasts backwards through the nozzle the plane moves forward.
Henri Giffard built an airship which was powered by the first aircraft engine, a three-horse power steam engine. It was very heavy, too heavy to fly.
In 1874, Felix de Temple, built a monoplane that flew just a short hop down a hill with the help of a coal fired steam engine.
Otto Daimler, in the late 1800's invented the first gasoline engine.
In 1894, American Hiram Maxim tried to power his triple biplane with two coal fired steam engines. It only flew for a few seconds.
The early steam engines were powered by heated coal and were generally much too heavy for flight.
American Samuel Langley made a model airplanes that were powered by steam engines. In 1896, he was successful in flying an unmanned airplane with a steam-powered engine, called the Aerodrome. It flew about 1 mile before it ran out of steam. He then tried to build a full sized plane, the Aerodrome A, with a gas powered engine. In 1903, it crashed immediately after being launched from a house boat.
In 1903, the Wright Brothers flew, The Flyer, with a 12 horse power gas powered engine.
From 1903, the year of the Wright Brothers first flight, to the late 1930s the gas powered reciprocating internal-combustion engine with a propeller was the sole means used to propel aircraft.
It was Frank Whittle, a British pilot, who designed and patented the first turbo jet engine in 1930. The Whittle engine first flew successfully in May, 1941. This engine featured a multistage compressor, and a combustion chamber, a single stage turbine and a nozzle.
At the same time that Whittle was working in England, Hans von Ohain was working on a similar design in Germany. The first airplane to successfully use a gas turbine engine was the German Heinkel He 178, in August, 1939. It was the world's first turbojet powered flight.
General Electric built the first American jet engine for the US Army Air Force jet plane . It was the XP-59A experimental aircraft that first flew in October, 1942.
Types of Jet Engines
Turbojets
The basic idea of the turbojet engine is simple. Air taken in from an opening in the front of the engine is compressed to 3 to 12 times its original pressure in compressor. Fuel is added to the air and burned in a combustion chamber to raise the temperature of the fluid mixture to about 1,100°F to 1,300° F. The resulting hot air is passed through a turbine, which drives the compressor. If the turbine and compressor are efficient, the pressure at the turbine discharge will be nearly twice the atmospheric pressure, and this excess pressure is sent to the nozzle to produce a high-velocity stream of gas which produces a thrust. Substantial increases in thrust can be obtained by employing an afterburner. It is a second combustion chamber positioned after the turbine and before the nozzle. The afterburner increases the temperature of the gas ahead of the nozzle. The result of this increase in temperature is an increase of about 40 percent in thrust at takeoff and a much larger percentage at high speeds once the plane is in the air.
The turbojet engine is a reaction engine. In a reaction engine, expanding gases push hard against the front of the engine. The turbojet sucks in air and compresses or squeezes it. The gases flow through the turbine and make it spin. These gases bounce back and shoot out of the rear of the exhaust, pushing the plane forward.
Picture of Turbojet Engine
Turboprops
A turboprop engine is a jet engine attached to a propeller. The turbine at the back is turned by the hot gases, and this turns a shaft that drives the propeller. Some small airliners and transport aircraft are powered by turboprops.
Like the turbojet, the turboprop engine consists of a compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine, the air and gas pressure is used to run the turbine, which then creates power to drive the compressor. Compared with a turbojet engine, the turboprop has better propulsion efficiency at flight speeds below about 500 miles per hour. Modern turboprop engines are equipped with propellers that have a smaller diameter but a larger number of blades for efficient operation at much higher flight speeds. To accommodate the higher flight speeds, the blades are scimitar-shaped with swept-back leading edges at the blade tips. Engines featuring such propellers are called propfans.
Picture of turboprop engine
Turbofans
A turbofan engine has a large fan at the front, which sucks in air. Most of the air flows around the outside of the engine, making it quieter and giving more thrust at low speeds. Most of today's airliners are powered by turbofans. In a turbojet all the air entering the intake passes through the gas generator, which is composed of the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. In a turbofan engine only a portion of the incoming air goes into the combustion chamber. The remainder passes through a fan, or low-pressure compressor, and is ejected directly as a "cold" jet or mixed with the gas-generator exhaust to produce a "hot" jet. The objective of this sort of bypass system is to increase thrust without increasing fuel consumption. It achieves this by increasing the total air-mass flow and reducing the velocity within the same total energy supply.
Picture of Turbofan Engine
Turboshafts
This is another form of gas-turbine engine that operates much like a turboprop system. It does not drive a propellor. Instead, it provides power for a helicopter rotor. The turboshaft engine is designed so that the speed of the helicopter rotor is independent of the rotating speed of the gas generator. This permits the rotor speed to be kept constant even when the speed of the generator is varied to modulate the amount of power produced.
Picture of Turboshaft Engine
Ramjets
The ramjet is the most simple jet engine and has no moving parts. The speed of the jet "rams" or forces air into the engine. It is essentially a turbojet in which rotating machinery has been omitted. Its application is restricted by the fact that its compression ratio depends wholly on forward speed. The ramjet develops no static thrust and very little thrust in general below the speed of sound. As a consequence, a ramjet vehicle requires some form of assisted takeoff, such as another aircraft. It has been used primarily in guided-missile systems. Space vehicles use this type of jet.
Picture of Ramjet Engine
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Greetings, enthusiasts of aeronautics and aviation technology! Allow me to delve into the intricacies of jet engines, drawing upon my extensive expertise in the field.
The article you've provided delves into the fascinating realm of aeronautics, specifically focusing on the mechanics of jet engines. As someone deeply versed in this subject, I can attest to the accuracy and depth of the information presented. Now, let's break down the key concepts mentioned in the article:
1. Jet Engine Basics:
- Definition: A jet engine, also referred to as a gas turbine, propels an aircraft forward through the generation of thrust.
- Function: Jet engines operate on a common principle, involving the intake of air, compression, fuel injection, ignition, and expulsion of high-velocity gases to produce forward thrust.
2. Components of a Jet Engine:
- Fan: The initial component in a turbofan engine that sucks in and accelerates large quantities of air. It divides the airflow into two parts, with one part bypassing the engine core, contributing to thrust and reducing engine noise.
- Compressor: Positioned in the engine core, it consists of blades attached to a shaft, compressing incoming air to increase its pressure and energy potential.
- Combustor: The section where compressed air is mixed with fuel and ignited, producing high-temperature, high-energy gases.
- Turbine: Located after the combustor, the turbine is driven by the high-energy airflow, providing power to the compressor and other components.
- Nozzle: The exhaust duct of the engine that produces the thrust for the plane. It expels a combination of hot and cold air to propel the aircraft forward.
3. Thrust and Newton's Third Law:
- Thrust Definition: The forward force generated by the engine, pushing the aircraft forward.
- Principle: Based on Newton's Third Law, which states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The engine takes in air, heats and compresses it, and expels it to create a force that propels the plane forward.
4. History of Jet Engines:
- Early Attempts: Historical figures such as Sir Isaac Newton, Henri Giffard, Otto Daimler, and Samuel Langley made early attempts at powered flight using steam and gas engines.
- Wright Brothers: In 1903, the Wright Brothers achieved powered flight with a gas-powered engine on their aircraft, The Flyer.
- Turbojet Invention: Frank Whittle, a British pilot, patented the first turbojet engine in 1930, leading to the successful flight of the Whittle engine in 1941. Hans von Ohain developed a similar design in Germany.
5. Types of Jet Engines:
- Turbojets: Operate by compressing air, adding fuel, and igniting the mixture to produce thrust. Afterburners can enhance thrust.
- Turboprops: Combine jet engines with a propeller, driven by the turbine. Common in smaller aircraft with better efficiency at lower speeds.
- Turbofans: Feature a large front fan that bypasses some incoming air, providing quieter operation and more thrust at low speeds. Widely used in modern airliners.
- Turboshafts: Similar to turboprops but power helicopter rotors, allowing independent control of rotor speed.
- Ramjets: Simple engines with no moving parts, relying on forward speed to compress air. Commonly used in guided missiles and space vehicles.
In conclusion, the article provides a comprehensive overview of aeronautics, detailing the principles and components of jet engines while offering a glimpse into the rich history and various types of these remarkable propulsion systems. If you have any specific questions or would like further clarification on any aspect, feel free to ask!
